The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. c. maintenance. 144. 149. a. humanistic therapy. b. the libido. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. A) illogical thinking patterns. 157. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. b. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. You are doing your best. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. c. double-blind studies. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. 75. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. This is an example of behavior modification using: b. repression. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. b. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. This thought is an example of: a. depression. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. bodily sensations. 2.3.2.1. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. b. learned behavior. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. a. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. d. cognitive-behavioral. b. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. 57. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. 101. c. humanistic-existential She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. This is an example of: Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Think of it as an If-Then statement. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. d. damage control. 155. 46. b. humanistic-existential. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. Chapter Recap. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Models aid us with doing all of this. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. d. existential. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? a. gestalt Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Choose one answer. 84. d. object relations theory. 147. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. What form do these consequences take? Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? The humanistic perspective. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? A friend recommends this therapy. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. 2.3.3.6. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. b. focusing on the here and now. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? 2.3.4.3. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. I bet the bad behavior ended too. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. a. gestalt As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. c. the id, ego, and superego. 45. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. Genetic issues and explanations. Psychosurgery. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. We see this in the case of reflexes. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. d. free association. d. disengagement. 39. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. a. Perls. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. None of the models are complete within themselves. c. cognitive-behavioral Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). 72. a. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. d. humanists. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. a. modeling. 146. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. 134. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. b. axons. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. c. ego. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. 137. 132. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. 100. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. 65. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. 2.3.1.5. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. a. modeling. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. b. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. See Figure 2.4 below. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. b. self-actualizing. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). b. Rogers. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. 151. Over time I learned that attention was good. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. c. psychosurgery. c. operant conditioning. Criticisms. None of the models are complete within themselves. a. guidelines. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). c. reject thoughts that are not rational. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. In this case, extinction continues. If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. c. gestalt. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. 2.2.2.3. b. is not led by a professional clinician. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. More on that over the next two sections. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. They are tied to experiences early in life. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. d. countertransference. 106. Infants tend to do things that feel good. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. Figure 2.9. All of the models include an element of the biological model. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. c. superego. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. 131. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. 33. The response re-emerges. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. c. transference. 44. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. b. humanistic. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. b. self theory. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. These medications fall under five major categories. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions?